Diego Portales

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Portales and the second or maternal family name is Palazuelos.

His Excellency Diego Portales
Minister of the Interior and Foreign Affairs
In office 11 September 1835 – 19 April 1837
President	José Joaquín Prieto
Preceded by	Joaquín Tocornal Jiménez
Succeeded by	Joaquín Tocornal Jiménez
In office 6 April 1830 – 1 May 1831
Preceded by	Mariano Egaña Fabres
Succeeded by	Ramón Errázuriz Aldunate
Minister of War
In office 21 September 1835 – 6 June 1837
President	José Joaquín Prieto
Preceded by	José Javier Bustamante Bustamante|José Javier Bustamante
Succeeded by	Ramón de la Cavareda
In office 17 January 1831 – 31 August 1832
Preceded by	José María de la Cruz Prieto
Succeeded by	Ramón de la Cavareda
Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Navy
In office 1833–1834
Preceded by	José Matías López Orrego
Succeeded by	Ramón de la Cavareda
Mayor of the province of Valparaíso
In office 1832–1833
Preceded by	José María de la Cruz
Succeeded by	Ramón de la Cavareda
Vice President of Chile
In office 18 September 1831 – 26 May 1833
President	José Joaquín Prieto
Preceded by	José Tomás Ovalle
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Deputy of the Republic
In office 29 March 1823 – 3 April 1823
Constituency	Santiago
Personal details
Born	Diego José Pedro Víctor Portales y Palazuelos (1793-06-16)June 16, 1793 Santiago, Kingdom of Chile
Died	June 6, 1837(1837-06-06) (aged 43) Valparaíso, Republic of Chile
Manner of death	Assassination
Resting place	Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral
Political party	Conservative
Spouse	Josefa Portales y Larraín ​ ​ (m. 1819; died 1821)​
Domestic partner	Constanza de Nordenflycht y Cortés (1823–1837)
Profession	Entrepreneur, diplomat, politician
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Chile
Branch/service	Chilean Navy
Years of service	1829–1834
Rank	Admiral
Battles/wars	Chilean Civil War of 1829

Diego José Pedro Víctor Portales y Palazuelos (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo poɾˈtales]; June 16, 1793 – June 6, 1837) was a Chilean statesman and entrepreneur. As a minister of president José Joaquín Prieto's government, he played a pivotal role in shaping the state and politics in the 19th century, delivering with the Constitution of 1833 the framework of the Chilean state for almost a century. Portales' influential political policies included unitarianism, presidentialism and conservatism which led to the consolidation of Chile as a constitutional, authoritarian republic with the franchise restricted to upper class men.

While deeply unpopular during his lifetime, his murder in 1837, during a mutiny, has been judged a decisive factor during the War of the Confederation. Chilean public opinion shifted to support the war against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. Many Chileans and historians view him as the power behind the throne of the early republic era, particularly in his shaping the Constitution of 1833. While he never assumed the presidency, his influence permitted him to serve simultaneously as the Minister of War, Minister of the Interior and Minister of Foreign Relations. He was an early proponent of Chilean expansionism.

Early life

Coat of arms of the Portales family

Diego Portales was born in Santiago, the son of María Encarnación Fernández de Palazuelos y Martínez de Aldunate and José Santiago Portales y Larraín, a superintendent of the royal mint. He did his primary studies at the Colegio de Santiago, and in 1813, attended law classes at the National Institute. As the men of his family had all become successful merchants, Portales also eventually assumed the position of a merchant, taking part in his prosperous and distinguished family's occupation.

On August 15, 1819 he married his cousin, Josefa Portales y Larraín. He had two daughters with her, both of whom died within days of their birth. His wife also died soon after in 1821. He never remarried, but took Constanza Nordenflicht as his mistress, with whom he had three children.

In July 1821, he resigned from his job at the Mint and went into business. He opened a trading house, Portales, Cea and Co., based in Valparaiso with a branch in Lima, Peru. He bid and obtained management of the government monopoly on tobacco, tea, and liquor (known in Spanish as estanco). In exchange for the monopoly, he offered to service in full Chile's foreign debt. Nonetheless, in the anarchy that was regnant in Chile at the time, there was no means of enforcing a monopoly as the government could not regulate sales of tobacco, tea, and liquor, and the company eventually went bankrupt. His contract with the government was voided and the Chilean government was found to owe Portales 87,000 pesos. Out of this unsuccessful business venture, the only remnant was the name eventually applied to his political followers, who in time came to be known as the estanqueros (monopolists).

Political career

See also: Chilean Civil War of 1829

Soon after, he aligned with the conservatives in the political fights that were wracking Chile at the time. As aforementioned, in 1824, Portales’ business firm acquired control over the government's monopoly of tobacco, tea, and liquor; however, the country's troubled conditions soon thwarted his profitable business. For these reasons, Portales finally entered into the political sphere, and very soon he would become the intellectual leader of the conservative side. He helped to reorganize the conservative party, and, in 1827, founded El Hambriento (or The Starveling), a journal attacking liberal idealists known as the pipiolos (“white beaks”) from Portales' party's (a.k.a. the pelucones or "big wigs") perspective. Portales was an effective satirist, contributing several popular articles to The Starveling. Portales' articles placed him in the limelight and paved the way for his political career.

Early print (1854)

After the triumph of the conservatives in the Revolution of 1829, President José Tomás Ovalle y Bezanilla named him Minister of the Interior and Foreign Affairs on April 6, 1830 remaining until May 1831. He was named again to that position by President Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate on July 9, 1831 and remained until August 31, 1831 and named once again by President José Joaquín Prieto from November 9, 1835 to January 1837. Something similar happened with his nomination as minister of war and navy from April 6, 1830 until May 1831; then from July 9, 1831 until December 1832 and from September 21, 1835 to September 1836.

Though Portales was never president officially (and in fact he deliberately avoided this position for fear of being tied up by factional promises), he became a dictator and with this powerful position, he quelled anarchy. Portales set up a civil militia (which ended one of the worst stages of militarism in Chile's history); supported an oligarchic control for landowners, miners, and merchants; and made Catholicism the state religion. As a result of his campaign for peace, order, and thus progress, business also improved.

Political philosophy

In 1822, before his rise to power Portales wrote to a friend:

Politics doesn't interest me, but as a good citizen I feel free to express my opinions and to censure the government. Democracy, which is so loudly proclaimed by the deluded is an absurdity in our countries, flooded as they are with vices and with their citizens lacking all sense of civic virtue, the prerequisite to establishing a real Republic. But monarchy is not the American ideal either; if we get out of one terrible government just to jump headlong into another, what will we have gained? The Republican system is the one which we must adopt, but do you know how I interpret it for our countries? A strong central government whose representatives will be men of true virtue and patriotism, and who thus can direct the citizens along the path of order and progress.

These words are demonstrative of the skepticism in pure democracies that the recently failed French revolution impressed upon many. Portales believed that to avoid disaster it was most important to create a stable and functioning government, rather than one ruled by lofty but ultimately impractical ideals. He believed in a peaceful but strong central government, and that in order to successfully run a state or country, citizens must be virtuous and patrioticand must consider the law as higher than any leader. Beyond these beliefs, Portales had no static political beliefs. Instead he tried to govern on a case-by-case basis, legislating what he deemed right for each particular instance.

Assassination

Statue of Minister Diego Portales in Viña del Mar

In order to bolster its standing, the Chilean government immediately imposed martial law and asked for (and obtained) extraordinary legislative powers from Congress. Early in 1837 a Court Martial Law was approved and given jurisdiction over all citizens for the duration of the war. The opposition to the Prieto Vial administration immediately accused Portales of tyranny, and started a heated press campaign against him personally and the unpopular war in general.

Political and public opposition to war immediately affected the army, fresh from the purges of the civil war of 1830. On June 3, 1837, Colonel José Antonio Vidaurre, commander of the Maipo regiment, captured and imprisoned Portales while he was reviewing troops at the army barracks in Quillota. Vidaurre immediately proceeded to attack Valparaíso on the mistaken belief that public opinion opposed to the war would support him and topple the government. Rear Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada, in charge of the defense, defeated him right outside the port at the Battle of Barón. Captain Santiago Florín, who was in charge of Portales, had him shot when he heard of the news, on June 6, 1837. Most of the conspirators were subsequently captured and executed.

This murder turned the tide of Chilean public opinion. The government derogated Martial law and the country rallied behind the government. The war became a holy cause, and Portales a martyr.

Legacy

Statue of Portales at the Plaza de la Constitución in the Chilean presidential palace, Santiago

Posthumous (1854) portrait of the Founding Fathers of the Chilean Republic. From left to right: José Miguel Carrera, Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín, and Diego Portales.

Portales' reign helped to pick up business and accelerate the growth of the economy. Those who particularly benefited from his conservative rule were the already rich. Additionally, Portales helped Chile maintain a good deal of stability relative to many of the other Latin American nations. This was accomplished by Portales' improvement and renewal of the administration of the State, his strategic vision of Chile as an independent sovereign nation, and his influence upon the Chilean Constitution of 1833, which is considered the most important milestone of Chilean institutionality during the 19th century. His ideals and principles served as a foundation towards the Chilean governments of the future. His work was especially influential during the years of political learning of the post-independence turmoil and during the governments of the Conservative Republic (1830–1861) and to a lesser degree the governments of the Liberal Republic (1861–1891).

...we are inspired in the Portalian spirit that has fused together the nation...

— Augusto Pinochet, October 11, 1973.

The figure and legacy of Portales has been praised by some historians like Ramón Sotomayor Valdés and Alberto Edwards. Other historians, including Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, Sergio Villalobos and Gabriel Salazar, have a negative view of Portales.

Remains

Portales' crypt in the Santiago Cathedral following his reburial

Portales' remains, missing since his assassination, were found in March 2005 in Santiago's Metropolitan Cathedral during renovation projects, and were identified after forensic examination. On June 20, 2006, the remains were taken to the civic crypt of the Cathedral for a civic-religious re-burial ceremony attended by then-President Michelle Bachelet, along with several civil and military authorities.

Further reading

• Collier, Simon. Ideas and Politics of Chilean Independence, 1808-1833. (1967)
• Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America. By John A. Crow. 4th ed. New York: University of California P, 1992.
• Kinsbrunner, Jay. Diego Portales: Interpretive Essays on the Man and Times (1967)
• Sater, William F. "Diego José Pedro Victor Portales Palazuelos" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, pp. 442–44. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
• Letters by Diego Portales

See also

• Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830
• Francisco de Meneses Brito

External links

• "Portales, Diego: A Chilean Biography." Charlene Richardson.
• "Diego Portales" Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Media related to Diego Portales at Wikimedia Commons
• Portales, Diego: A Chilean Biography (in Spanish)